1. Isingeniso
Ukuncibilikisa ithusi okubangelwa yi-pyrometallurgical kusalokhu kuyindlela evelele yokukhiqizwa kwethusi okucwengisisiwe okuyinhloko, okubalwa ngaphezu kwama-80% womthamo womhlaba wonke. Le nqubo iguqula ama-concentrates e-copper sulfide (ikakhulukazi i-chalcopyrite, i-CuFeS₂) abe yithusi le-cathode elihlanzekile kakhulu (≥99.99% Cu) ngokusebenzisa uchungechunge lwemisebenzi ye-metallurgical yokushisa okuphezulu. Lesi sihloko sichaza i-flowsheet ehlanganisiwe ehlanganisa ukuncibilikisa i-flash, ukuguqula, ukucwengisisa i-anode, kanye nokucwengisisa nge-electrolytic.
2. Ukulungiselela Nokuhlanganisa Okugxilile
Ama-concentrates ethusi (25-35% Cu) afika ngesikebhe esikhulu futhi agcinwa ezindaweni ezimboziwe. Okuqukethwe komswakama ngokuvamile kungama-8-12% futhi kumele kwehliswe kube ngu-≤0.3% kusetshenziswa ama-rotary kiln noma ama-fluidized-bed dryers ukuvimbela ukuqhuma kanye nokusetshenziswa kwamandla ngokweqile ekuncibilikiseni okungezansi komfula.
I-concentrate eyomile ixutshwa ne-fluxes (i-quartz, i-limestone), i-reverts, kanye ne-converter slag ngezilinganiso ezilawulwa kahle. Izitshalo zanamuhla zisebenzisa ama-disc feeder azenzakalelayo kanye nezinhlelo zamaseli omthwalo ezifinyelela ukunemba kokuxuba ngaphakathi kwe-±0.5%.
3. Ukuncibilikisa Okusheshayo
Ukuncibilikisa i-Flash ubuchwepheshe obuthuthuke kakhulu bokwelapha ama-concentrate e-copper sulfide, amelwe emhlabeni wonke ama-flash furniture ase-Outotec (manje aseMetso) kanye nama-furniture athuthukiswe yi-oxygen angaphansi komhlaba aseShayina.
3.1 Isimiso Senqubo
Ukugxila okomile kufakwa emsakazweni womoya oshisayo, ocebile nge-oxygen (ukugxila kwe-oxygen 75-90%) ku-850-950°C. Ukusabela (ukomisa, ukushiswa kwe-oxidation, ukwakheka kwe-slag kanye ne-matte) kuqedwa ngemizuzwana emi-3-5, ngokushisa kokusabela okusekela ukusebenza kwe-autothermal. Ukusabela okuyinhloko kufaka phakathi: 4CuFeS₂ + 9O₂ → 4CuS + 2Fe₂O₃ + 8SO₂ 2FeS + 3O₂ + 2SiO₂ → 2FeO·SiO₂ + 2SO₂
3.2 Imishini Eyinhloko
- Umgodi wokusabela: ukuphakama okungu-11-14 m, ububanzi obungu-7-9 m, umbozwe ngezitini ze-magnesite-chrome zezinga eliphezulu kanye namajakethi amanzi ethusi.
- Umgodi wokuhlala kanye nowokudonswa: ukuhlukaniswa kwamandla adonsela phansi kwe-matte (65-75% Cu) kanye ne-slag.
- Ibhoyila yokushisa engcolile: ibuyisa ukushisa okunengqondo kusuka ku-~550°C ngaphandle kwegesi ukuze kukhiqizwe umusi.
- Isilinganiso se-oxygen-to-concentrate: 1.15-1.25 Nm³ O₂/t dry concentrate
- Izinga lokushisa lomgodi wokusabela: 1250-1300°C
- Izinga lokushisa elimaphakathi: 1180-1220°C
- Isilinganiso se-Slag Fe/SiO₂: 1.1-1.4, ithusi ku-slag ≤0.6%
3.3 Amapharamitha Okulawula Okubalulekile
Umthamo wesithando somlilo esisodwa ufinyelela ku-4000-5500 t/d concentrate esebenza kahle ngokushisa >98% kanye nokubanjwa kwe-SO₂ okucishe kube yi-100%.
4. Ukuguqula
I-Matte idluliselwa ngezitsha zokuwasha ezishiswa ngogesi noma ngezitsha zokuwasha eziya kuma-converter e-Peirce-Smith noma kuma-converter aqhubekayo.
4.1 Isigaba Sokwakha I-Slag
Umoya ocebile nge-oksijini (25-35% O₂) uyapheshulwa ukuze u-oxidize i-iron sulfide. I-slag equkethe i-2-8% Cu iyasuswa bese ibuyiselwa ekuncibilikisweni kwe-flash.
4.2 Isigaba Sokwenza Ithusi
Ukuqhubeka nokufutha kuqinisa i-Cu₂S ibe yi-blister copper (98.5-99.3% Cu) ku-1180-1230°C.
5. Ukuhluzwa Komlilo Wesithando Somlilo Se-Anode
Ithusi le-blister lishajwa ema-anode angashintshi noma athambekele angama-50-500 t ukuze kuhlungwe ukunciphisa i-oxidation.
5.1 Isigaba Sokuxutshwa Kwe-Oxidation
Izinhlungu zomoya noma ze-oxygen zisusa i-Fe, i-Ni, i-As, i-Sb, ne-Bi ezisele njenge-slag entantayo.
5.2 Isigaba Sokunciphisa
I-oksijini incishiswa kusetshenziswa igesi yemvelo, udizili, noma izinsika zokhuni zibe ngu-150-300 ppm. Ithusi elicwengisisiwe liphonswa kuma-anode angu-300-450 kg (Cu ≥99.0%).
6. Ukuhluzwa Kwe-Electrolytic
Ama-anode afakwa kumaseli e-electrolytic anezikhala ze-lead noma ze-titanium mother njengama-cathode ku-CuSO₄-H₂SO₄ electrolyte.
6.1 Izimo Zokusebenza
- Ubuningi bamanje: 220-320 A/m²
- I-voltage yeseli: 0.22-0.32 V
- Izinga lokushisa le-Electrolyte: 60-65°C
- Cu²⁺: 40-55 g/L, H₂SO₄ mahhala: 150-220 g/L
6.2 Ukusabela Kwamakhemikhali Kagesi
Ukuncibilika kwe-Anode: Cu → Cu²⁺ + 2e⁻ Izakhi eziningi ezinhle (Au, Ag, Se, Te) zibika ku-anode slime; izakhi ezincane ezinhle zingena esisombululoni. Ukufakwa kwe-Cathode kuveza ≥99.993% I-Cu ihlangabezana nezimfuneko ze-LME Grade A.
7. Ukwelashwa Ngaphandle Kwegesi Nokulawulwa Kwemvelo
Amagesi acebile nge-SO₂ avela ku-flash furnace, kuma-converter, kanye nama-anode furnace ayapholiswa, akhishwe uthuli, futhi acutshungulwe ezitshalweni ze-acid ezixhumana kabili athola ukubuyiselwa kwesibabule okungaphezulu kuka-99.8%. Igesi yomsila i-SO₂ ingaphansi kakhulu kuka-100 mg/Nm³. I-Arsenic, i-mercury, kanye nezinye izinsimbi ezisindayo zisuswa ngezinqubo ezikhethekile.
8. Isiphetho
I-pyrometallurgy yethusi yanamuhla ifinyelele ukuqhubeka okuphezulu, ukuzenzekela, kanye nokusebenza kwemvelo. Ama-flowsheet ahlanganisiwe okuncibilikisa i-flash-converting-anode refining-electrorefining aletha ukubuyiswa kwethusi okuphelele >98.5% kanye nokusetshenziswa kwamandla athile kwe-cathode engu-280-320 kgce/t, okumelela amazinga omhlaba. Intuthuko eqhubekayo ekucebiseni i-oxygen, ubuchwepheshe bokwenza ithusi obuqhubekayo, kanye nokulawulwa kwenqubo yedijithali kuzothuthukisa ukusebenza kahle kanye nokusimama.
Isikhathi sokuthunyelwe: Disemba-22-2025